• The end result of conditions that greatly reduce kidney function by destroying nephrons and producing a marked decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are represented by chronic kidney failure.
• As renal function moves from renal insufficiency (GFR 50% to 20% normal), to kidney failure (20% to 5% normal), to end-stage kidney disease (<5% normal), signs of kidney failure begin to appear. Dialysis or kidney transplantation is necessary for survival when the GFR decreases to less than 5% of normal.
• The kidneys' inability to perform their normal functions of regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, controlling blood pressure through fluid volume and the renin-angiotensin system, eliminating nitrogenous and other waste products, governing the red blood cell count through erythropoietin synthesis, and directing parathyroid and skeletal function through phosphate elimination and activation of vitamin D are the manifestations of chronic kidney failure represent
• As renal function moves from renal insufficiency (GFR 50% to 20% normal), to kidney failure (20% to 5% normal), to end-stage kidney disease (<5% normal), signs of kidney failure begin to appear. Dialysis or kidney transplantation is necessary for survival when the GFR decreases to less than 5% of normal.
• The kidneys' inability to perform their normal functions of regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, controlling blood pressure through fluid volume and the renin-angiotensin system, eliminating nitrogenous and other waste products, governing the red blood cell count through erythropoietin synthesis, and directing parathyroid and skeletal function through phosphate elimination and activation of vitamin D are the manifestations of chronic kidney failure represent
